medieval era (1400 - 1449)
age of discovery (1419 - 1800)
modern era (1450 - 2025)
thirty years war (1618 - 1648)
english civil war (1642 - 1651)
age of absolutism (1661 - 1789)
age of enlightenment (1685 - 1815)
industrial revolution (1760 - 1840)
american revolution (1775 - 1783)
the french revolution (1789 - 1799)
napoleonic era (1799 - 1815)
the second french empire (1852 - 1870)
american civil war (1861 - 1865)
the third french republic (1870 - 1940)
wwi (1914 - 1918)
wwii (1939 - 1945)
(1450) Gutenberg press
(1453) Fall of Constantinople
(1476) caxton press in england
(1492) reconquista
(1492) columbus
(1648) peace of westphalia
(1760) start of industrial revilution in england
(1848) 1848 revolutions
renaissance (1400 - 1600)
baroque era (1600 - 1750)
(neo)classical era (1750 - 1820)
romantic era (1767 - 1850)
realism (1820 - 1920)
impressionism (1860 - 1900)
cubism (1907 - 1914)
(1495) da vinci - the last supper
(1503) da vinci - mona lisa
(1504) michelangelo - david
(1508) michelangelo - sistine chapel
(1509) raphael - school of athens
(1513) raphael - sistine madonna
(1520) titian - bacchus and ariadne
(1538) titian - venus of urbino
(1565) bruegel - the harvesters
(1586) el greco - the burial of count orgaz
(1599) caravaggio - the calling of st matthew
(1601) caravaggio - the crucifixion of st peter
(1612) rubens - the descent from the cross
(1624) frans hals - the laughing cavalier
(1642) rembrandt - the night watch
(1656) velazquez - las meninas
(1717) watteau - pilgrimage to cythera
(1730) canaletto - the grand canal
(1750) gainsborough - mr and mrs andrews
(1767) sturm und drang movement
(1784) david - oath of the horatii
(1793) david - death of marat
(1808) goya - the third of may
(1818) wanderer above the sea of fog - friedrich
(1821) constable - the hay wain
(1832) ingres - portrait of monsieur bertin
(1839) turner - the fighting temeraire
(1849) courbet - the stone breakers
(1850) courbet - a burial at ornans
(1857) millet - the gleaners
(1863) manet - le déjeuner sur l'herbe
(1865) manet - olympia
(1872) monet - impression sunrise
(1882) the kiss - rodin
(1886) seurat - a sunday afternoon on the island of la grande jatte
(1888) van gogh - sunflowers
(1889) van gogh - starry night
(1893) the scream - munch
(1902) cezanne - mont sainte-victoire
(1904) the thinker - rodin
(1907) picasso - les demoiselles d'avignon
(1907) the kiss - klimt
(1913) kandinsky - composition vii
(1916) monet - water lilies
(1917) duchamp - fountain
(1929) the treachery of images - magritte
(1930) mondrian - composition with red, blue and yellow
(1937) picasso - guernica
(1939) clement greenberg - avant-garde and kitsch
(1948) barnett newman - onement
(1949) pollock - number 1
(1950) mark rothko - white center
(1954) jasper johns - flag
(1955) robert rauschenberg - monogram
(1962) caro - early one morning
(1962) warhol - marilyn diptych
(1963) fluxus - fluxus manifesto
(1964) yoko ono - cut piece
(1965) one and three chairs - kosuth
(1965) joseph beuys - how to explain pictures to a dead hare
(1966) barnett newman - who's afraid of red, yellow and blue
(1967) hockney - a bigger splash
(1969) donald judd - untitled
(1974) nam june paik - tv buddha
(1981) serra - tilted arc
(1995) bill viola - the greeting
(2002) cory arcangel - super mario clouds
(2013) hito steyerl - how not to be seen: a fucking didactic educational .mov file
(2018) forensic architecture - the long duration of a split second
descartes (1596 - 1650)
locke (1632 - 1704)
(1517) martin luther - 95 theses
(1532) the prince - machiavelli
(1637) descartes - discourse on method
(1641) meditations on first philosophy - descartes
(1651) leviathan - hobbes
(1670) Pensées - pascal
(1670) Tractatus Theologico-Politicus - Spinoza
(1677) spinoza - ethics
(1689) two treatises of government - locke
(1689) essay concerning human understanding - locke
(1704) new essays on human understanding - liebniz
(1710) A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge - berkeley
(1748) An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding - hume
(1762) the social contract - rousseau
(1781) critique of pure reason - kant
(1790) burke - reflections on the revolution in france
(1791) rights of man - thomas paine
(1807) Phenomenology of Spirit - hegel
(1835) democracy in america - de tocqueville
(1840) proudhon - what is property?
(1843) either/or - kierkegaard
(1848) the communist manifesto - marx
(1859) mill - on liberty
(1872) the birth of tragedy - nietzsche
(1883) thus spoke zarathustra - nietzsche
(1886) nietzsche - beyond good and evil
(1896) bergson - matter and memory
(1899) interpretation of dreams - freud
(1916) de saussure - course in general linguistics
(1921) wittgenstein - tractatus logico-philosophicus
(1927) heidegger - being and time
(1947) adorno - dialectic of enlightenment
(1967) derrida - of grammatology
(1971) john rawls - a theory of justice
(1972) deleuze and guattari - anti-oedipus
(1974) nozick - anarchy, state and utopia
(1975) foucault - discipline and punish
(1543) on the revolution of the heavenly spheres - copernicus
(1620) novum organum - bacon
(1687) Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica - newton
(1859) on the origin of species - darwin
shakespeare (1564 - 1616)
romantic era (1767 - 1850)
(1590) the faerie queen - spenser
(1600) hamlet - shakespeare
(1604) doctor faustus - marlowe
(1606) volpone - jonson
(1606) macbeth - shakespeare
(1611) king james bible translated into english
(1616) odyssey + iliad first translated into english
(1620) holy sonnets - john donne
(1620) don quixote - cervantes
(1664) tartuffe - moliere
(1667) paradise lost - milton
(1678) the pilgrim's progress - bunyan
(1759) candide - voltaire
(1774) sorrows of young werther - goethe
(1789) songs of innocence - blake
(1797) kubla khan - coleridge
(1798) lyrical ballads - wordsworth
(1808) faust - goethe
(1818) ozymandias - percy shelley
(1818) frankenstein - mary shelley
(1819) don juan - byron
(1830) stendhal - the red and the black
(1833) eugene onegin - pushkin
(1842) la comedie humaine - balzac
(1842) dead souls - gogol
(1844) count of monte cristo - dumas
(1845) the raven - edgar allen poe
(1847) jane eyre - charlotte bronte
(1847) wuthering heights - emily bronte
(1851) moby dick - melville
(1854) walden - thoreau
(1855) leaves of grass - whitman
(1857) madame bovary - flaubert
(1860) mill on the floss - george eliot
(1862) fathers and sons - turgenev
(1866) crime and punishment - dostoevsky
(1869) war and peace - tolstoy
(1876) adventures of tom sawyer - twain
(1880) the brothers karamazov - dostoevsky
(1881) ghosts - henrik ibsen
(1881) portrait of a lady - henry james
(1885) idylls of the king - tennyson
(1885) germinal - zola
(1886) rimbault - illuminations
(1890) picture of dorian gray - wilde
(1897) dracula - stoker
(1899) heart of darkness - conrad
(1899) checkov - uncle vanya
(1912) death in venice - mann
(1913) proust - in search of lost time
(1914) tender buttons - gertrude stein
(1920) women in love - d.h. lawrence
(1922) duino elegies - rilke
(1922) ulysses - joyce
(1922) the waste land - eliot
(1924) passage to india - forster
(1924) magic mountain - mann
(1925) the cantos - ezra pound
(1925) mrs dalloway - woolf
(1925) kafka - the trial
(1925) the great gatsby - fitzgerald
(1926) the sun also rises - hemingway
(1928) threepeeny opera - brecht
(1929) the sound and the fury - faulkner
(1930) robert musil - the man without qualities
(1938) artaud - the theatre and its double
(1938) beckett - murphy
(1944) ficciones - borges
(1952) ionesco - the chairs
(1953) beckett - waiting for godot
(1955) the recognitions - gaddis
(1957) alain robbe-grillet - jealousy
(1957) northrop frye - anatomy of criticism
(1958) pinter - the birthday party
(1964) the passion according to g.h. - lispector
(1966) giles goat-boy - barth
(1968) willie masters' lonesome wife - gass
(1973) pynchon - gravity's rainbow
(1977) the public burning - coover
(1978) georges perec - life a user's manual
(1979) italo calvino - if on a winter's night a traveler
(1985) delillo - white noise
(1677) spinoza dies
(1727) newton dies
(1750) bach dies
(1778) rousseau dies
(1791) mozart dies
(1804) kant dies
(1822) shelley dies
(1824) byron dies
(1827) beethoven dies
(1831) hegel dies
(1832) goethe dies
(1881) thomas carlyle dies
(1881) dostoevsky dies
(1883) manet dies
(1883) marx dies
(1890) van gogh dies
(1926) monet dies
(1721) bach - brandenburg concertos
(1725) vivaldi - the four seasons
(1741) handel - messiah
(1741) bach - goldberg variations
(1786) mozart - the marriage of figaro
(1787) mozart - eine kleine nachtmusik
(1791) mozart - requiem
(1801) beethoven - moonlight sonata
(1824) beethoven - symphony no 9
(1830) berlioz - symphonie fantastique
(1830) chopin - nocturnes
(1850) schumann - symphony no 3
(1853) verdi - la traviata
(1865) wagner - tristan und isolde
(1888) mahler - symphony no 1
(1893) dvorak - new world symphony
(1894) debussy - prelude to the afternoon of a faun
(1899) scott joplin - maple leaf rag
(1902) mahler - symphony no 5
(1908) charles ives - the unanswered question
(1912) schoenberg - pierrot lunaire
(1913) stravinksy - the rite of spring
(1916) holst - the planets
(1924) rhapsody in blue - gershwin
(1925) alban berg - wozzeck
(1936) bartok - music for strings, percussion and celesta
(1936) prokofiev - peter and the wolf
(1937) schostakovich - symphony no 5
(1941) messaien - quartet for the end of time
(1952) john cage - 4'33"
(1952) stockhausen - klavierstucke
(1958) varese - poeme electronique
(1959) miles davis - kind of blue
(1965) coltrane - a love supreme
(1971) christian wolff - burdocks
(1971) morton feldman - rothko chapel
(1976) glass - einstein on the beach
(1976) reich - music for 18 musicians
(1981) laurie anderson - o superman
(1776) wealth of nations - adam smith
(1817) ricardo - principles of political economy and taxation
(1867) capital - marx
(1879) george - progress and poverty
(1936) keynes - the general theory of employment, interest and money
(2013) capital - piketty
(1895) lumieres - workers leaving the lumiere factory
(1902) melies - a trip to the moon
(1915) birth of a nation - griffith
(1925) battleship potemkin - eisenstein
(1929) man with a movie camera - vertov
(1929) un chien andalou - bunuel
(1941) citizen kane - welles
(1943) meshes of the afternoon - deren
(1960) godard - breathless
(1963) stan brakhage - mothlight
(1964) soy cuba - kalatozov
(1965) straub-huillet - not reconciled
(1967) michael snow - wavelength
(1975) tarkovsky - mirror
(1980) greenaway - the falls
(1988) farocki - bilder der welt und inschrift des krieges
(2002) star wars: attack of the clones - lucas
(2009) avatar - cameron